Research Questions:
My research concerns international security, with a primary focus on the dynamics of international conflict management and resolution. In particular, I am interested in two broad questions. First, what bilateral processes or characteristics promote peaceful relations between disputing actors? Second, what is the role of third-parties in peacefully (or diplomatically) ending specific conflict episodes or transforming a conflictive relationship between countries into one that is more peaceful? In addressing these questions, my research touches upon topics like territorial conflict, international border disputes, interstate rivalries (or protracted conflict), the interstate-civil conflict nexus, democratization, human rights, international law, and various conflict management methods (e.g., negotiations, mediation, or peacekeeping).
Curriculum Vitae
Google Scholar Page
ORCID Page
Publications:
Books:
Journal Articles:
Book Chapters:
Book Reviews:
Guest Edited Journal Issues:
Media:
Replication Data:
To obtain replication data for published articles, please see my Dataverse page and/or the data repository for the journals in which my work appears.
Book Manuscripts (in progress; under contract):
Working Papers (including those under review; date of last draft update listed):
Conference Presentations:
Please see my curriculum vitae.
Grants (awarded only):
Disciplinary Service:
Dissertation Research:
“Paths to Peace: Conflict Management Trajectories in Militarized Interstate Disputes.” 2011. University of Illinois.
Dissertation Committee: Paul F. Diehl (Chair), John A. Vasquez, Derrick V. Frazier, Jude Hays.
Abstract: Without resorting to coercive actions (e.g., sanctions or military involvement), how does the international community respond to conflicts between states? Studies of third-party conflict management typically examine only one strategy at a time (e.g., studies of mediation) and assume that third-party conflict management efforts are independent of one another. This project attempts to overcome these limitations by directly theorizing about how conflict management efforts are informed by various third-parties’ previous efforts to manage the same conflict. I propose that third-party international actors are not only aware of previous attempts to manage the conflicts in which they become involved, but also that these third-parties account for the earlier attempts when deciding what to do next. More specifically, I argue that the international community wants peace, but at the lowest price possible. Third-parties therefore start with the lowest-cost conflict management strategies and use increasingly more costly strategies as their efforts fail. Quantitative analysis evaluates my theoretical argument against a number of competing logics using data on third-party conflict management attempts between 1946-2001. A small number of conflict cases then show my argument in action, and a series of simulations illustrate the policy contributions of the project.
Data Sets Created:
Publications:
Books:
- International Conflict and Conflict Management (edited with J. Michael Greig and Paul F. Diehl). 2023. New York: Routledge.
- On Dangerous Ground: A Theory of Bargaining, Border Settlement, and Rivalry (with Toby J. Rider). 2021. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- International Conflict Management (with J. Michael Greig and Paul F. Diehl). 2019. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Journal Articles:
- "The Three AREs: How Authors, Reviewers, and Editors Can Better Address Alternative Explanations in Scholarly Research" (with Paul F. Diehl). 2025. International Studies Perspectives, forthcoming.
- "The Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) Identity Claims Dataset, 1946-2021" (with Paul R. Hensel, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, and Krista E Wiegand). 2024. Journal of Peace Research, forthcoming.
- "Sequencing the Steps to War" (with Douglas B. Atkinson, Andrew P. Owsiak, Joshua Jackson, and Rebecca Buechler). 2024. International Interactions 50(5):780-808.
- "The Saavedra Lamas Peace: How a Norm Complex Evolved and Crystallized to Eliminate War in the Americas" (with Luis Schenoni, Gary Goertz, and Paul F. Diehl). 2024. International Studies Quarterly 68(2).
- "Managing Complexity: Addressing the Civil Conflict Component of International-Civil Militarized Conflicts (I-CMCs)" (with Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz). 2024. International Journal of Conflict Management 35(1):192-214.
- "Judicialisation of the Sea: An Elaboration of Our Argument and Its Merits" (with Sara McLaughlin Mitchell). 2023. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 38(2):326-349.
- "Tracking the Evolution of Conflict: Barometers for Interstate and Civil Conflict" (with Gary Goertz, Paul F. Diehl, and Luis Schenoni). 2023. Discussion Paper 23-004. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
- "Why Don't Democracies Fight Each Other? The Role of Territorial Issues" (with John A. Vasquez). 2023. Conflict Management and Peace Science 40(6):619-633.
- "Getting to the Root of the Issue(s): Expanding the Study of Issues in MIDs (the MID-Issue Dataset, version 1.0)" (with Joshua Jackson, Gary Goertz, and Paul F. Diehl). 2022. Journal of Conflict Resolution 66(7-8): 1514-1542. [MID-Issue Dataset, version 1.0]
- "Managing the Dual Faces of International-Civil Militarized Conflict (I-CMC): The Interstate Dimension" (with Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz). 2022. Global Studies Quarterly 2(3): 1-11.
- "Peaceful Dyads: A Territorial Perspective" (with John A. Vasquez). 2021. International Interactions 47(6): 1040-1068.
- "The Limited Scope of the Democratic Peace: What We Are Missing" (with John A. Vasquez). 2021. International Studies Perspectives 23(2):169-190.
[Online Appendix] - "Judicialization of the Sea: Bargaining in the Shadow of UNCLOS" (with Sara McLaughlin Mitchell). 2021. American Journal of International Law 115(4): 579-621. [This work motivated the following AJIL Unbound Symposium.]
- "Making Trains from Boxcars: Studying Conflict and Conflict Management Interdependencies" (with J. Michael Greig and Paul F. Diehl). 2021. International Interactions 47(1): 1-22.
- "Conflict Management Trajectories: Theory and Evidence." 2021. International Interactions 47(1): 23-55.
- "Managing International-Civil Militarized Conflicts (I-CMC): Empirical Patterns" (with Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz). 2021. Civil Wars 23(3): 343-370.
- "Settling Resistant Territorial Disputes: The Territorial Boundary Peace in Latin America" (with Luis Schenoni, Gary Goertz, and Paul F. Diehl). 2020. International Studies Quarterly 64(1):57-70. [Online Appendix]
- “Brexit, the Border, and Political Conflict Narratives in Northern Ireland” (with Peter F. Trumbore). 2019. Irish Studies in International Affairs 30:195-216.
- "The Cart and the Horse Redux: The Timing of Border Settlement and Joint Democracy" (with John A. Vasquez). 2019. British Journal of Political Science 49(1):339-354. [Online Appendix]
- "Conflict Management in Land, River, and Maritime Claims" (with Sara McLaughlin Mitchell). 2019. Political Science Research & Methods 7(1): 43-61.
- "Foundations for Integrating the Democratic and Territorial Peace Arguments." 2019. Conflict Management and Peace Science 36(1): 63-87.
[Online Appendix] - "Democracy and the Settlement of International Borders, 1919-2000" (with Douglas M. Gibler). 2018. Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(9): 1847-1875.
- "The International Border Agreements Dataset" (with Allison K. Cuttner and Brent Buck). 2018. Conflict Management and Peace Science 35(5): 559-576.
[Online Appendix] [Dataset] - "What's So Peaceful about Asian Peace?" (with Blake Hoffman, Paul F. Diehl, Gary Goertz, and Yahve Gallegos). 2018. Asian International Studies Review 19(1):49-73.
- "The Necessity of Research-Informed International Relations: Announcing a New Editorial team for International Studies Review" (with Amanda Murdie, Naji Bsisu, Sam R. Bell, K. Chad Clay, Nicole Detraz, Dursun Peksen, and Timothy M. Peterson). 2018. International Studies Review 20(1):1-2.
- "Border Settlement and the Movement toward and from Negative Peace" (with Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz). 2017. Conflict Management and Peace Science 34(2):176-193. [Online Appendix]
- “The Diffusion of International Border Agreements” (with K. Chad Clay). 2016. Journal of Politics 78(2):427-442.
[Online Appendix] - "Border Settlement, Commitment Problems, and the Causes of Contiguous Rivalry” (with Toby J. Rider). 2015. Journal of Peace Research 52(4):508-521.
[Online Appendix]
- “Forecasting Conflict Management in Militarized Interstate Disputes.” 2015. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 32(1):50-75.
- “The Conflict Management Efforts of Allies in Interstate Disputes” (with Derrick V. Frazier). 2014. Foreign Policy Analysis, 10(3):243-264.
- "Regional Influences on Mediation Behavior" (with Derrick V. Frazier and Virginia Sanders). 2014. International Negotiation 19(2):285-314.
- “Conflict Management Trajectories in Militarized Interstate Disputes: A Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Foundations.” 2014. International Studies Review 16(1):50-78.
- “Democratization and International Border Agreements.” 2013. Journal of Politics 75(3):717-729.
[Online Appendix] - “Clearing the Hurdle: Border Settlement and Rivalry Termination.” (with Toby J. Rider). 2013. Journal of Politics 75(3):757-772.
[Online Appendix] - “Signing Up for Peace: International Boundary Agreements, Democracy, and Militarized Interstate Conflict.” 2012. International Studies Quarterly 56(1):51-66.
- “Demanding Peace: The Impact of Prevailing Conflict on the Shift from Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding” (with Alexandru Balas and Paul F. Diehl). 2012. Peace & Change 37(2):195-226 .
Book Chapters:
- "Political Shocks and the Punctuated Equilibrium Model: Applications to the Evolution of Norms in the Americas" (with Paul F. Diehl, Luis Schenoni, and Gary Goertz). 2023. In Shocks and Political Change: A Comparative Perspective on Foreign Policy Analysis, edited by William R. Thompson and Thomas J. Volgy. New York: Springer, pp. 39-61.
- "War and the Orient Express" (with Doug Atkinson). 2021. In What Do We Know about War?, 3rd edn., edited by John A. Vasquez and Sara Mitchell. Rowman and Littlefield.
- “The Peace Puzzle: Understanding Transitions to Peace” (with Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz). 2021. In What Do We Know about War?, 3rd edn., edited by John A. Vasquez and Sara Mitchell. Rowman and Littlefield.
- “Cyber Deterrence and Escalation.” 2020. The Cyber Deterrence Problem, edited by Aaron F. Brantly. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 39-70.
- “Major Processes and Structures of Conflict Management in Global Governance” (with Paul F. Diehl and J. Michael Greig). 2019. Routledge Companion to Peace and Conflict Studies, edited by Sean Byrne, Thomas Matyók, Imani Michelle Scott, and Jessica Senehi. New York: Routledge, pp. 459-469.
- "Mediation and Its Compatibility with Other Conflict Management Approaches" (with J. Michael Greig and Paul F. Diehl). 2019. In Research Handbook on Mediating International Crises, edited by Jonathan Wilkenfeld, Kyle Beardsley, and David Quinn. Northampton, MA: EE Elgar, pp. 63-78.
- "The International Court of Justice" (with Sara McLaughlin Mitchell). 2017. In Handbook of Judicial Behavior, edited by Robert M. Howard and Kirk A. Randazzo. New York: Routledge, pp. 445-466.
- "The Steps to War: Theory and Evidence." 2017. In Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory, edited by William R. Thompson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- "Issues, Leaders, and Regimes: Reaching Settlement in Northern Ireland." 2017. In Theories of International Relations and Northern Ireland, edited by Timothy J. White. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 36-54.
- “Extending Peace to the Grassroots: The Need for Reconciliation in Northern Ireland after the Agreement” (with Timothy J. White and Meghan E. Clarke). 2013. In Lessons from the Northern Ireland Peace Process, edited by Timothy J. White. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 227-267
- “International Governmental Organizations” (with Paul F. Diehl). 2012. In The Encyclopedia of Globalization, edited by George Ritzer. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
Book Reviews:
- "The Transformation of International Law between the World Wars." 2019. Cambridge Review of International Affairs.
Guest Edited Journal Issues:
- "Embracing the Complexity of International Conflict Management" (with Dan Druckman and Sinisa Vukovic). 2024. International Journal of Conflict Management 35(1). Introduction to Special Issue (not peer reviewed), pp. 1-3.
- "Studying Conflict and Conflict Management Interdependencies" (with J. Michael Greig and Paul F. Diehl). 2021. International Interactions 47(1).
- "Exploring Interdependence in International Conflict Management" (with Molly M. Melin). 2015. Conflict Management and Peace Science 32(1).
Media:
- "Russia's Land Grabs in Ukraine Could Break the International Order" (with Paul Hensel, Sara Mitchell, and Krista Wiegand). 2022, March 4. Monkey Cage, Washington Post.
Replication Data:
To obtain replication data for published articles, please see my Dataverse page and/or the data repository for the journals in which my work appears.
Book Manuscripts (in progress; under contract):
- Crises, War, and Diplomacy: Lessons for World Politics (with John A. Vasquez). 2025.
Working Papers (including those under review; date of last draft update listed):
- "I Never Realized How Much You Care: Intangible Salience Discrepancies, Imperial Expansion, and the Onset, Management, and Termination of Territorial Claims" (with Douglas Atkinson,
- “Issue Linkage of Territorial and Identity Claims” (with Krista Wiegand, Paul Hensel, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell). 2024.
Conference Presentations:
Please see my curriculum vitae.
Grants (awarded only):
- Visiting Faculty Research Fellow, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame. 2020-2021.
- University System of Georgia Affordable Learning Grant (with Jeffrey Berejikian; $25,000 to the University of Georgia). 2019-2020.
- United States Institute of Peace (with Paul Diehl and Gary Goertz; $86,205 total; $35,922 to the University of Georgia). 2019-2020.
- Minerva Research Initiative, Department of Defense (with Paul Hensel, Sara Mitchell, and Krista Wiegand; $751,957 total; $136,803 to the University of Georgia). 2016-2020.
- School of Public and International Affairs, Internal Research Grant ($5,000). 2014-2015.
- University of Georgia Faculty Research Grant ($10,000). 2013-2014.
- School of Public and International Affairs, Internal Research Grant ($5,000).
Disciplinary Service:
- Program Chair, Foreign Policy Section, Midwest Political Science Association. 2024.
- Chair, RC45: Quantitative International Politics. International Political Science Association. 2023-2024.
- Councillor, Conflict Processes, American Political Science Association. 2020-2022.
- Program Chair, Conflict Processes, American Political Science Association. 2020.
- Editorial Board, International Studies Quarterly. 2019-present.
- Book Editor, International Studies Review. 2018-2022.
- Treasurer, Peace Science Society. 2017-2019.
- Grant Panelist, National Science Foundation. 2017-2019.
- Reviewer (various journals and book publishers). 2011-present.
Dissertation Research:
“Paths to Peace: Conflict Management Trajectories in Militarized Interstate Disputes.” 2011. University of Illinois.
Dissertation Committee: Paul F. Diehl (Chair), John A. Vasquez, Derrick V. Frazier, Jude Hays.
Abstract: Without resorting to coercive actions (e.g., sanctions or military involvement), how does the international community respond to conflicts between states? Studies of third-party conflict management typically examine only one strategy at a time (e.g., studies of mediation) and assume that third-party conflict management efforts are independent of one another. This project attempts to overcome these limitations by directly theorizing about how conflict management efforts are informed by various third-parties’ previous efforts to manage the same conflict. I propose that third-party international actors are not only aware of previous attempts to manage the conflicts in which they become involved, but also that these third-parties account for the earlier attempts when deciding what to do next. More specifically, I argue that the international community wants peace, but at the lowest price possible. Third-parties therefore start with the lowest-cost conflict management strategies and use increasingly more costly strategies as their efforts fail. Quantitative analysis evaluates my theoretical argument against a number of competing logics using data on third-party conflict management attempts between 1946-2001. A small number of conflict cases then show my argument in action, and a series of simulations illustrate the policy contributions of the project.
Data Sets Created:
- Issue Correlates of War (ICOW) Identity Claims Dataset (with Paul R. Hensel, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, and Krista E. Wiegand). 1945-2021.
- MID-Issue Dataset, version 1.0 (with Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz). 1900-2010.
- International Border Agreements Dataset, 1816-2001. University of Georgia.
- Central Bank Independence Dataset, 1945-2008. Cline Center for Democracy, Societal Infrastructures and Development Project.